SOME CONSEQUENCES OF PROPORTIONAL REPRESENTATION
Over the past century it has been possible to identify the principal results of the system of proportional representation. These may be summarized as follows.
(1) The encouragement of interest groups and factions – very appropriately called in Germany fractions – with the inevitable tendency to
break up the concentration of the maior parties. The Netherlands is a good example. Parties have developed in that country of small merchants, invalids, friends of athletics, retired civil servants, house owners. In Germany there have developed parties of peasants and middle classes. The 1939 elections in Antwerp in Belgium brought out, in addition to the traditional parties as the Catholics, the liberals, the Communists, Flemish Nationalists, parties of technocrats, dissident technocrats, dissident liberals, and the ex-serv!ce assodation. The Indonesian elections of 1955, based on the importation of proportional representation from Holland, encouraged the emergence of over forty groups apart from individuals, which included the Humanist Society, the Indonesian Younger Generation Associations, and the Retired Pensioners Association.